Cytochrome P450 Inhibitor

Paroxetine (BRL29060) is an orally active and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and apoptosis inducer with blood-brain barrier permeability. Paroxetine inhibits nitric oxide synthase and CYP2D6, induces desensitization of 5-HT1A/1B/1D autoreceptors, downregulates 5-HT2 receptors, and promotes the production of inflammatory cytokines. Paroxetine is a weak norepinephrine (NE) uptake inhibitor and possesses antitumor activity. Paroxetine is widely used in research concerning depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, hot flashes, and related conditions.

Abiraterone acetate (CB7630) is an oral, potent, selective, and irreversible inhibitor of CYP17A1 with antiandrogen activity. Abiraterone acetate is a proagent form of Abiraterone (CB7598).

Metyrapone (Su-4885) is a potent and orally active 11β-hydroxylase inhibitor and an autophagy activator, also inhibits the production of aldosterone. Metyrapone inhibits synthesis of endogenous adrenal corticosteroid, decreases glucocorticoid levels, and also affects behavior and emotion. In addition, Metyrapone increases the efficiency of autophagic process via downregulation of mTOR pathway, and interacts with Pseudomonas putida cytochrome P-450. Metyrapone can be used for researching Cushing's syndrome and depression.

HET0016 is a potent and selective 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) synthase inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values of 17.7 nM, 12.1 nM and 20.6 nM for recombinant CYP4A1-, CYP4A2- and CYP4A3-catalyzed 20-HETE synthesis, respectively. HET0016 also is a selective CYP450 inhibitor, which has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth.

Rebastinib (DCC-2036) is an orally active, non-ATP-competitive Bcr-Abl inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values of 0.8 nM and 4 nM against Abl1^WT and Abl1^T315I, respectively. Rebastinib potently inhibits CYP2C8 (IC₅₀ = 0.0533 μM) and CYP2C9 (IC₅₀ = 2.54 μM). Rebastinib allosterically inhibits Tie2 with an IC₅₀ of 0.63 nM. Rebastinib inhibits the transcriptional activity of FoxO1. Rebastinib inhibits SRC family kinases, KDR and FLT3 kinases. Rebastinib induces Apoptosis. Rebastinib exerts anti-tumor activity in breast cancer. Rebastinib exerts anti-angiogenic effects. Rebastinib increases myotube diameter and improves reduced contractility. Rebastinib can be used in research related to triple-negative breast cancer, luminal breast cancer, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, muscle atrophy, cancer cachexia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and B-lymphocytic leukemia.

Conivaptan hydrochloride (YM 087) is an orally active dual vasopressin V_1a/V₂ receptor antagonist with K_i values of 0.48 nM and 3.04 nM for vasopressin V_1a receptor and V₂ receptor, respectively. Conivaptan hydrochloride competitively and reversibly blocks vasopressin-mediated antidiuresis, vasoconstriction, and cellular hypertrophy, while inhibiting CYP3A4. Conivaptan hydrochloride inhibits vasopressin-induced intracellular calcium, cAMP, and mitogen-activated kinase activation in vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes. Conivaptan hydrochloride induces water diuresis while improving hemodynamics in heart failure models, reducing left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, vascular resistance, and organ weight. Conivaptan hydrochloride is used for research on hyponatremia and congestive heart failure.

Salvianolic acid C is a noncompetitive Cytochrome P4502C8 (CYP2C8) inhibitor and a moderate mixed inhibitor of Cytochrome P45022J2 (CYP2J2), with K_is of 4.82 μM and 5.75 μM for CYP2C8 and CYP2J2, respectively.

Paroxetine (BRL29060) hydrochloride is an orally active and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and apoptosis inducer with blood-brain barrier permeability. Paroxetine hydrochloride inhibits nitric oxide synthase and CYP2D6, induces desensitization of 5-HT1A/1B/1D autoreceptors, downregulates 5-HT2 receptors, and promotes the production of inflammatory cytokines. Paroxetine hydrochloride is a weak norepinephrine (NE) uptake inhibitor and possesses antitumor activity. Paroxetine hydrochloride is widely used in research concerning depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, hot flashes, and related conditions.

Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen) is a furanocoumarin compound used in psoralen, used in studies of psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo and some sun-exposed cutaneous lymphomas, and is a P450 inhibitor.

Galangin (Norizalpinin) is an agonist/antagonist of the arylhydrocarbon receptor. Galangin (Norizalpinin) also shows inhibition of CYP1A1 activity.

Diosmetin is a natural flavonoid which inhibits human CYP1A enzyme activity with an IC₅₀ of 40 μM in HepG2 cell.

Exemestane (FCE 24304) is a selective, irreversible and orally active steroidal aromatase inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 30 nM and 40 nM for human placental and rat ovarian aromatase, respectively. Exemestane can be used for hormone-dependent breast cancer research.

Bergapten is a natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. Bergapten is inhibitory towards mouse and human CYP isoforms.

Anastrozole is a potent, highly selective aromatase inhibitor, which inhibits human placental aromatase with an IC₅₀ of 15 nM.

Schisandrin A inhibits CYP3A activity with an IC₅₀ of 6.60 μM and K_i of 5.83 μM, respectively.

Fomepizole (4-Methylpyrazole) is a potent cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) inhibitor. Fomepizole is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Fomepizole blocks further conversion of methanol and ethylene glycol to toxic metabolites. Fomepizole has the potential for an antidote for ethylene glycol or methanol poisoning.

Gentiopicroside, a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside, inhibits P450 activity, with an IC₅₀ and a K_i of 61 μM and 22.8 μM for CYP2A6; Gentiopicroside has anti-inflammatoryand antioxidative effects.

Sulfaphenazole is a selective inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 enzyme. Sulfaphenazole is a cytoprotective agent against light-induced death of photoreceptors. Sulfaphenazole inhibits light-induced necrosis and mitochondrial stress-initiated apoptosis. Sulfaphenazole is an off patent sulfonamide antibiotic and demonstrates bactericidal activity through enhanced M1 macrophage activity. Sulfaphenazole can significantly reduce infarct size and restore post-ischemic coronary flow following ischemia and reperfusion.

NNC 55-0396 (NNC 55-0396 dihydrochloride) is a blood-brain-barrier-permeable T-type Ca²⁺ channel inhibitor and pan-P450 inhibitor. NNC 55-0396 selectively inhibits T-type Ca²⁺ channels, suppresses HIF-1α expression and stability and inhibits Kv currents. NNC 55-0396 reduces brain infarct and attenuates neurological dysfunction. NNC 55-0396 inhibits the activity of multiple P450 enzymes. NNC 55-0396 (free base) can be used for the research of brain injury, hypertension, and glioblastoma.

Cobicistat is a potent and selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) enzymes with IC₅₀s of 30-285 nM. Cobicistat is a pharmacokinetic enhancer which increases the overall absorption of several HIV medications.